To break off

prae-cīdo (old form praecaedit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 18), cīdi, cīsum, 3, v. a. [caedo], to cut off in front; hence, in gen., to cut off.

Lit. (class.); constr. with acc. alone, or with acc. and dat. or gen. of person.

With acc. and dat.:

linguam alicui,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 12:

manum alicui gladio,

Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59:

aures, nasum et labia alicui,

Just. 1, 10, 5.—

With acc. and gen.:

collegae sui praecidi caput jussit,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 55:

quae patrem occiderit, manus ejus praecidantur,

Sen. Contr. 9, 27, 8.—

With acc.:

manus,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 44:

caput, Quadrig. ap. Gell. l. l.: capita,

Petr. 1:

medici membra praecidunt,

Quint. 8, 3, 75:

capillos,

id. ib. 8, 3, 105:

ancoras,

to cut the cables, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88:

fistulas, quibus aqua suppeditatur,

id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31:

traducem,

Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 211.—

Transf.

To cut through, cut up (class.):

cotem novaculā,

Cic. Div. 1, 17, 32:

linguam Nicanoris praecisam jussit particulatim avibus dari,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 33:

naves,

to cripple, make unfit for service, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3.—

To beat to pieces, to batter, smash (ante-class.):

praecide os tu illi,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 52 (dub.; cf. id. Pers. 2, 4, 12 Ritschl).—

Praecidere sinum maris, to cut off, avoid, i. e. to sail straight (postAug.), Sen. Ep. 53, 1: medium mare, Auct. Quint. Decl. 12, 22; cf.

iter,

Plin. 8, 22, 34, [p. 1413] § 83.—

Trop., to cut off, to take away.

Of speech, to cut short, abridge; to cut short one's words, to be brief, break off or finish abruptly:

dum te obtuetur, interim linguam oculi praeciderunt,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 56:

maximam partem defensionis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 62, § 151:

sibi licentiam libertatemque vivendi,

id. ib. 2, 3, 1, §

3: sibi reditum,

id. Pis. 22, 51:

per abscissionem significatio fit, si, cum incipimus aliquid dicere, praecidimus,

Auct. Her. 4, 54, 67:

brevi praecidam,

in a word, in short, briefly, Cic. Sen. 16, 57:

praecide, inquit,

cut it short, be brief, id. Ac. 2, 43, 133.—

To break off, cut off, end, destroy; esp. with spem:

si non praeciditur spes plebeio quoque, apiscendi summi honoris,

Liv. 4, 3, 7:

praecisa consulatūs spes erit,

id. 4, 3, 15; 24, 31, 12; 42, 50, 1:

id sum assecutus, ut una hora perdito spem judicii corrumpendi praeciderem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 20:

utrum spem nostram praecidat an differat,

Sen. Ira, 3, 28, 4; id. Ben. 2, 5, 1.—Also of friendship, etc.: amicitias repente praecidere, to break off suddenly (opp. sensim dissuere), Cic. Off. 1, 33, 120.—

To deny flatly, refuse, decline, etc.:

plane sine ullā exceptione praecidit,

flatly refused, Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

cupiebam eum esse nobiscum: quod quia praeciderat,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1.—Hence, praecīsus, a, um, P. a.

Lit., cut or torn off, separated ( poet.):

Trinacria Italiā praecisa,

Manil. 4, 630.— Subst.: praecī-sum, i, n., a piece of meat cut off, a cutlet, steak (ante-class.), Naev. ap. Non. 151, 2: praeciso capi, Lucil. ib.—

Transf.

Castrated (post-class.):

fanatici,

Lampr. Elag. 7:

praecisi ac professi impudientiam,

Sen. Prov. 5, 3.—

Broken off, steep, abrupt, precipitous ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

acuta silex praecisis undique saxis,

Verg. A. 8, 233:

iter,

Sall. J. 92, 7:

rupes,

Quint. 12, 9, 2.—

Trop.

Shortened, short, brief (post-Aug.):

praecisis conclusionibus obscuri,

Quint. 10, 2, 17:

comprehensio,

id. 7, 3, 15.—

Troublesome (postclass.):

ut sub obtentu militiae praecisiorem se adversario faceret (al. pretiosiorem),

Dig. 49, 16, 4.—Hence, adv.: prae-cīsē.

In short, in few words, briefly, concisely (class.):

praecise dicere (opp. plene et perfecte dicere),

Cic. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—

Positively, absolutely (class.):

praecise negare alicui,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

non praecise, sed sub condicione,

Dig. 36, 3, 1.

prae-cīdo (old form praecaedit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 18), cīdi, cīsum, 3, v. a. [caedo], to cut off in front; hence, in gen., to cut off.

Lit. (class.); constr. with acc. alone, or with acc. and dat. or gen. of person.

With acc. and dat.:

linguam alicui,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 12:

manum alicui gladio,

Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59:

aures, nasum et labia alicui,

Just. 1, 10, 5.—

With acc. and gen.:

collegae sui praecidi caput jussit,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 55:

quae patrem occiderit, manus ejus praecidantur,

Sen. Contr. 9, 27, 8.—

With acc.:

manus,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 44:

caput, Quadrig. ap. Gell. l. l.: capita,

Petr. 1:

medici membra praecidunt,

Quint. 8, 3, 75:

capillos,

id. ib. 8, 3, 105:

ancoras,

to cut the cables, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88:

fistulas, quibus aqua suppeditatur,

id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31:

traducem,

Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 211.—

Transf.

To cut through, cut up (class.):

cotem novaculā,

Cic. Div. 1, 17, 32:

linguam Nicanoris praecisam jussit particulatim avibus dari,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 33:

naves,

to cripple, make unfit for service, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3.—

To beat to pieces, to batter, smash (ante-class.):

praecide os tu illi,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 52 (dub.; cf. id. Pers. 2, 4, 12 Ritschl).—

Praecidere sinum maris, to cut off, avoid, i. e. to sail straight (postAug.), Sen. Ep. 53, 1: medium mare, Auct. Quint. Decl. 12, 22; cf.

iter,

Plin. 8, 22, 34, [p. 1413] § 83.—

Trop., to cut off, to take away.

Of speech, to cut short, abridge; to cut short one's words, to be brief, break off or finish abruptly:

dum te obtuetur, interim linguam oculi praeciderunt,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 56:

maximam partem defensionis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 62, § 151:

sibi licentiam libertatemque vivendi,

id. ib. 2, 3, 1, §

3: sibi reditum,

id. Pis. 22, 51:

per abscissionem significatio fit, si, cum incipimus aliquid dicere, praecidimus,

Auct. Her. 4, 54, 67:

brevi praecidam,

in a word, in short, briefly, Cic. Sen. 16, 57:

praecide, inquit,

cut it short, be brief, id. Ac. 2, 43, 133.—

To break off, cut off, end, destroy; esp. with spem:

si non praeciditur spes plebeio quoque, apiscendi summi honoris,

Liv. 4, 3, 7:

praecisa consulatūs spes erit,

id. 4, 3, 15; 24, 31, 12; 42, 50, 1:

id sum assecutus, ut una hora perdito spem judicii corrumpendi praeciderem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 20:

utrum spem nostram praecidat an differat,

Sen. Ira, 3, 28, 4; id. Ben. 2, 5, 1.—Also of friendship, etc.: amicitias repente praecidere, to break off suddenly (opp. sensim dissuere), Cic. Off. 1, 33, 120.—

To deny flatly, refuse, decline, etc.:

plane sine ullā exceptione praecidit,

flatly refused, Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

cupiebam eum esse nobiscum: quod quia praeciderat,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1.—Hence, praecīsus, a, um, P. a.

Lit., cut or torn off, separated ( poet.):

Trinacria Italiā praecisa,

Manil. 4, 630.— Subst.: praecī-sum, i, n., a piece of meat cut off, a cutlet, steak (ante-class.), Naev. ap. Non. 151, 2: praeciso capi, Lucil. ib.—

Transf.

Castrated (post-class.):

fanatici,

Lampr. Elag. 7:

praecisi ac professi impudientiam,

Sen. Prov. 5, 3.—

Broken off, steep, abrupt, precipitous ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

acuta silex praecisis undique saxis,

Verg. A. 8, 233:

iter,

Sall. J. 92, 7:

rupes,

Quint. 12, 9, 2.—

Trop.

Shortened, short, brief (post-Aug.):

praecisis conclusionibus obscuri,

Quint. 10, 2, 17:

comprehensio,

id. 7, 3, 15.—

Troublesome (postclass.):

ut sub obtentu militiae praecisiorem se adversario faceret (al. pretiosiorem),

Dig. 49, 16, 4.—Hence, adv.: prae-cīsē.

In short, in few words, briefly, concisely (class.):

praecise dicere (opp. plene et perfecte dicere),

Cic. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—

Positively, absolutely (class.):

praecise negare alicui,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

non praecise, sed sub condicione,

Dig. 36, 3, 1.

rumpo, rūpi, ruptum ( inf. paragog. rumpier, Afran. Com. 127), 3, v. a. [root rup], to break, burst, tear, rend, rive, rupture; to break asunder, burst in pieces, force open, etc. (very freq. and class.; a favorite word of the Aug. poets; cf. frango).

Lit.: SI MEMBRVM RVPIT NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Lex XII. Tab. ap. Fest. S. V. TALIO, p. 274; and ap. Gell. 20, 1, 14; cf. Cato ap. Prisc. p. 710 P.:

vincula,

Lucr. 3, 83; Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 8; id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; Prop. 4, 10, 4; Verg. A. 10, 233 al.:

catenas,

Prop. 3, 13, 11; Hor. S. 2, 7, 70; Ov. Am. 3, 11, 3:

frena pudoris,

Prop. 4, 18, 3:

obstantia claustra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 9:

teretes plagas (aper),

id. C. 1, 1, 28:

pontem,

to break down, Liv. 7, 9; cf.:

rupti torrentibus pontes,

Quint. 2, 13, 16:

montem aceto (Hannibal),

Juv. 10, 153:

Alpes,

Sil. 11, 135:

arcum,

Phaedr. 3, 14, 10:

plumbum (aqua),

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 20:

carinam (sinus Noto remugiens),

id. Epod. 10, 20:

tenta cubilia tectaque,

id. ib. 12, 12:

vestes,

Ov. M. 6, 131; cf.:

tenues a pectore vestes,

id. A. A. 3, 707:

sinus pariterque capillos,

id. M. 10, 722:

linum ruptum aut turbata cera,

Quint. 12, 8, 13:

praecordia ferro,

to penetrate, Ov. M. 6, 251; 5, 36; cf.:

guttura cultro,

to cut, id. ib. 15, 465:

colla securi,

id. ib. 12, 249:

nubem (vis venti),

to sunder, rive, Lucr. 6, 432:

fulmen nubes rumpit,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 58, 1:

spiritus rumpit nubes,

id. ib. 2, 54, 3:

ruptae nubes et in pronum solutae,

id. ib. 5, 12, 1:

caelum,

Sil. 3, 196:

polum,

id. 1, 135: turbo ruptus, breaking or bursting forth, Verg. A. 2, 416 et saep.:

tuā causā rupi ramices,

burst, ruptured, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 30:

suos ramices,

id. Poen. 3, 1, 37:

inflatas vesiculas,

Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33:

pectora fremitu (leones),

Lucr. 3, 297:

illius immensae ruperunt horrea messes,

filled to repletion, Verg. G. 1, 49; Col. 10, 307:

frugibus rupta congestis horrea,

Sid. 1, 6:

ilia,

Cat. 11, 20; 80, 7; Verg. E. 7, 26; cf. with a personal object:

rupit Iarbitam Timagenis aemula lingua, Dum, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 15.—Esp. reflexively, to burst or split one ' s self, to burst, split, etc.:

me rupi causā currendo tuā,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 43; id. Capt. prol. 14; Lucil. ap. Non. 88, 11; 382, 23:

ut me ambulando rumperet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 21:

non, si te ruperis, Par eris,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 319.— Mid.: ego misera risu clandestino rumpier, to burst, split, Afran. ap. Non. 382, 21 (Com. Rel. p. 154 Rib.); so,

frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis,

Verg. E. 8, 71:

quā (licentiā audacium) ante rumpebar, nunc ne movear quidem,

could have burst, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 1:

et inflatas rumpi vesiculas,

id. Div. 2, 14, 33; cf.:

rumpantur iniqui, Vicimus,

Prop. 1, 8, 27:

miser Rumperis (sc. irā) et latras,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 136: rumpere viam, iter, etc., to force a passage, make one ' s way by force: ferro rumpenda per hostes Est via, a passage must be burst or forced through, Verg. A. 10, 372; cf.:

eo nisi corporibus armisque rupere cuneo viam,

Liv. 2, 50:

rupta via,

Quint. 9, 4, 63:

viam igne,

Stat. Th. 8, 469:

iter ferro,

Sil. 4, 196 (with reserare viam);

15, 782: Alpes,

id. 11, 135:

rupto sonuit sacer aequore Titan,

Val. Fl. 2, 37:

cursus,

id. ib. 1, 3; Sil. 7, 568 et saep.:

rumpere media agmina,

to burst through, break through, Verg. A. 12, 683; cf.:

proelia misso equo,

Prop. 3, 11, 64 (4, 10, 62):

ruptā mersum caput obruit undā,

Ov. M. 11, 569:

mediam aciem,

Liv. 26, 5:

pugnantibus acies rumpenda,

Just. 1, 6, 11:

ordines,

Liv. 6, 13:

aditus,

Verg. A. 2, 494:

parvos hiatus,

Sil. 5, 616:

fontem,

to break open, cause to break forth, Ov. M. 5, 257:

fontes abyssae magnae,

Vulg. Gen. 7, 11: se rumpere, to break out, burst forth ( = erumpere):

ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese Diversi rumpent radii,

Verg. G. 1, 446:

tantus se nubibus imber Ruperat,

id. A. 11, 548:

unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus,

id. G. 4, 368; so,

rumpi, in mid. force: dum amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus,

id. ib. 3, 428:

alicui reditum,

to cut off, Hor. Epod. 13, 15.— Absol.: offendit, fregit, rumpit, icit poculo, wounds, Afran. ap. Non. 124, 6 (Com. Rel. p. 173 Rib.); so, si quis rumpet occidetve insciens ne fraus esto, an ancient form of rogation in Liv. 22, 10, 5; cf. Dig. 9, 2, 27, § 17. —

Trop., to break, violate, destroy, annul, make void, interrupt, etc.:

hunc quisquam... foedera scientem neglexisse, violasse, rupisse dicere audebit?

Cic. Balb. 5, 13; so,

foedera,

Lucr. 2, 254; Auct. Her. 4, 14, 20; Liv. 9, 1; 21, 10; Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 35:

foedus,

Liv. 3, 25, 5; 42, 40, 3:

imperium,

Curt. 10, 2, 15; Tac. A. 13, 36; id. H. 3, 19:

sacramenti religionem,

Liv. 28, 27:

reverentiam sacramenti,

Tac. H. 1, 12:

fidem induciarum, pacis, etc.,

Liv. 9, 40 fin.; 24, 29; Verg. G. 4, 213; Flor. 4, 2, 16:

jus gentium,

Liv. 4, 17:

hostium jus et sacra legationis et fas gentium,

Tac. A. 1, 42:

rogationes vos rogatas rumpitis,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 24:

edicta,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 22:

decreta,

Ov. M. 15, 780:

leges,

Luc. 4, 175:

constat, agnascendo rumpi testamentum,

is made void, Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 241; cf.:

jura testamentorum ruptorum aut ratorum,

id. ib. 1, 38, 173:

nuptias,

Hor. C. 1, 15, 7:

amores,

Verg. A. 4, 292:

condiciones pacis,

Vell. 2, 48, 5:

obsequium,

Suet. Galb. 16:

fata aspera,

Verg. A. 6, 882:

fati necessitatem humanis consiliis,

Liv. 1, 42:

ne me e somno excitetis et rumpatis visum,

break in upon, interrupt, Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12; so,

somnum,

Verg. A. 7, 458; cf. Sen. Ep. 51, 12:

sacra,

Verg. A. 8, 110:

carmina,

Tib. 2, 3, 20:

novissima verba,

Ov. A. A. 1, 539:

ut vero amplexus fessi rupere supremos,

Val. Fl. 5, 32:

strepitu silentia rumpi,

Lucr. 4, 583:

silentia (verbis),

Verg. A. 10, 64; Ov. M. 1, 208; 11, 598; Hor. Epod. 5, 85; Val. Fl. 3, 509; Plin. Pan. 55, 4:

diutinum silentium,

App. M. 10, p. 239, 14:

taciturnitatem,

Tac. A. 1, 74:

patientiam,

Suet. Tib. 24:

en age, segnes Rumpe moras,

break off, end delay, Verg. G. 3, 43; so,

rumpe moras,

id. A. 4, 569; 9, 13; Ov. M. 15, 583 Bach, N. cr.; Val. Fl. 1, 306; Mart. 2, 64, 9; Plin. Ep. 5, 11, 2; cf.:

rumpunt moras,

Luc. 1, 264:

otia,

Verg. A. 6, 813.— Poet.: rumpit has imo pectore voces, breaks forth, breaks out in, gives vent to, utters, etc., Verg. A. 11, 377; so,

vocem,

id. ib. 2, 129; 3, 246; Sil. 8, 301; Tac. A. 6, 20:

questus,

Verg. A. 4, 553; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 249:

gemitum,

Sil. 4, 458.

* * *

* * *

rē̆-fringo, frēgi, fractum, 3, v. a. [frango], to break up, break open (class.; syn.: perfringo, dissicio).

Lit.:

cellas,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 4, 10: postes portasque, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 622, and ap. Hor. S. 1, 4, 61 (Ann. v. 271 Vahl.); Caes. B. G. 2, 33; Liv. 10, 43; 24, 30; 25, 9 et saep. al.:

januam,

Tac. A. 14, 8:

palatii fores,

id. H. 1, 35:

claustra,

Cic. Mur. 8, 17; Val. Fl. 1, 595:

carcerem,

Liv. 34, 44 fin.:

glaebam et revolvere in pulverem,

Col. 11, 2, 60:

totas refringere vestes,

to tear open, Ov. M. 9, 208:

radium solis refringi,

is refracted, Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 150.—

In gen., to break, break in pieces, break off ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

quae demersa liquore obeunt, refracta videntur Omnia convorti sursumque supina revorti,

Lucr. 4, 440:

refringit virgulta pede vago,

Cat. 63, 86: ramum, to break off, * Verg. A. 6, 210; so,

mucronem,

Plin. 8, 15, 17, § 41; cf.

aculeos,

Plin. Ep. 3, 15, 3:

silvas (Hyleus),

Stat. Th. 4, 139. —

Trop., to break, break in pieces, check, weaken, destroy, etc.:

vim fluminis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 56; cf. Liv. 5, 37:

impotentem dominationem,

Nep. Lys. 1, 4; cf.:

Teutonicas opes, Frop. 3, 3 (4, 2), 44: nec Priami domus Achivos refringit,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 28:

ingeniorum impetus,

Plin. Ep. 9, 26, 7:

claustra pudoris et reverentiae,

id. ib. 2, 14, 4: verba, to mutilate or mangle speech, like children, Stat. S. 2, 1, 123.

dĭrĭmo, ēmi, emptum ( perf. dirempsi, cited as error, Charis. 220 P.), 3, v. a. [disĕmo, like diribeo, from dis-habeo], to take apart; to part, separate, divide (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. sense—cf.: findo, scindo, divello, separo, sejungo, segrego, secerno).

Lit.:

dirimi corpus distrahive,

Cic. N. D. 3, 12; cf. Lucr. 6, 1075:

Tiberis Veientem agrum a Crustumino dirimens,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53; cf.:

castris Ilerdam,

Luc. 4, 33: sontes justis (Minos), Claud. ap. Rufin. 2, 477:

oppida nostra unius diei itinere dirimuntur,

are separated from each other, Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 2; cf.:

urbs Vulturno flumine dirempta,

Liv. 22, 15; and:

dirempta mari gens,

Plin. Pan. 32; and absol.:

dirimente amne,

Liv. 42, 39 et saep.— Poet., of cutting through the waves in a ship, Stat. Th. 5, 482.

Trop.

To break off, interrupt, to disturb, put off, delay (the fig. is taken from combatants who are parted asunder; transferred, like the opp. committere, to things; cf.:

dirimere infestas acies, dirimere iras,

Liv. 1, 13):

proelium tandem diremit nox,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 99; so,

proelium,

Caes. B. C. 1, 40 fin.; Sall. J. 60 fin.; Liv. 37, 32; Verg. A. 5, 467 al.; cf. Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 9:

pugnam,

Liv. 27, 13:

bellum,

id. 27, 30; 40, 52; Verg. A. 12, 79:

certamina,

Ov. M. 5, 314 et saep.:

controversiam,

i. e. to adjust, compose, Cic. Off. 3, 33, 119:

seditionem,

Front. Strat. 1, 8, 6:

litem,

Ov. M. 1, 21:

rem arbitrio,

id. F. 6, 98 et saep.; also, to separate, dissolve, break off a connection:

conjunctionem civium,

Cic. Off. 3, 5, 23:

societatem,

id. Sull. 2, 6; Liv. 8, 23:

nuptias,

Suet. Caes. 43:

affinitatem,

Tac. A. 12, 4:

amicitias,

id. ib. 6, 29; cf. Cic. Lael. 10, 34:

caritatem quae est inter natos et parentes,

id. ib. 8, 27:

pacem,

Liv. 9, 8; Quint. 2, 16, 7:

conubium,

Liv. 4, 6 et saep.—So too, to interrupt, disturb, break up a conversation, deliberation, etc.:

colloquium,

Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 4:

sermonem,

Cic. Rep. 1, 11:

concilia populi,

Liv. 1, 36 fin.:

comitia,

id. 40, 59 al.; cf. absol.:

actum est eo die nihil: nox diremit,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 13, 2.—

In gen., to destroy, frustrate, bring to naught:

natura animaï morte dirempta,

Lucr. 1, 114:

auspicium,

Liv. 8, 23 fin.; cf.:

rem susceptam,

Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 31: dirimere [p. 585] tempus et proferre diem, id. Div. 1, 39, 85:

ea res consilium diremit,

Sall. C. 18 fin.— Absnl., to dissuade, to be unfavorable:

dirimen tibus auspicibus,

Amm. 14, 10, 9.

* * *

* * *

ab-rumpo, ūpi, uptum, 3, v. a., to break off something violently, to rend, tear, sever ( poet.; seldom used before the Aug. per., only once in Cic., but afterw. by Verg., Ov., and the histt. often).

Lit.: vincla abrupit equus (transl. of the Homeric desmon aporrêxas, Il. 6, 507), Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 509 Vahl.); so, nec Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro vincula Pirithoo, * Hor. C. 4, 7, 27; cf. Verg. A. 9, 118:

abrupti nubibus ignes,

torn from, Lucr. 2, 214; cf.

with the fig. reversed, in Verg.: ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes, A. 3, 199: abrupto sidere,

i. e. hidden by clouds, id. ib. 12, 451:

plebs velut abrupta a cetero populo,

broken off, torn from, Liv. 3, 19, 9.—

Trop.:

(legio Martia) se prima latrocinio Antonii abrupit,

first freed itself, Cic. Phil. 14, 12:

abrumpere vitam,

to break the thread of life, Verg. A. 8, 579; 9, 497;

so later, abrumpere fata,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 893, or, medios annos, Luc. 6, 610:

abrumpere vitam a civitate,

to leave it, in order to live elsewhere, Tac. A. 16, 28 fin.:

fas,

to destroy, violate, Verg. A. 3, 55:

medium sermonem,

to break off, interrupt, id. ib. 4, 388; cf.

abruptus: omnibus inter victoriam mortemve abruptis,

since all means of escape, except victory or death, were taken from us, Liv. 21, 44, 8.—Hence, ab-ruptus, a, um, P. a., broken off from, separated, esp. of places, inaccessible, or difficult of access.

Lit., of places, precipitous, steep (syn.:

praeceps, abscissus): locus in pedum mille altitudinem abruptus,

Liv. 21, 36:

(Roma) munita abruptis montibus,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 67; Tac. A. 2, 23:

petra undique abscissa et abrupta,

Curt. 7, 11.—Also absol.: abruptum, i, n., a steep ascent or descent; cf. praeceps:

vastos sorbet in abruptum fluctus,

she swallows down her gulf, Verg. A. 3, 422.—

Trop., broken, disconnected, abrupt:

Sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus,

Quint. 4, 2, 45:

contumacia,

stubborn, Tac. A. 4, 20.— Comp., Plin. 11, 37, 51, § 138; Tert. adv. Marc. 1, 1.— Sup., Plin. Ep. 9, 39, 5.— Absol.:

per abrupta,

by rough, dangerous ways, Tac. Agr. 42 fin. (cf. supra: abrupta contumacia).— Adv.: abruptē.

Lit., in broken manner, here and there:

palantes flammarum ardores,

Amm. 17, 7, 8.—

Trop., of conduct, hastily, inconsiderately, Just. 2, 15, 4;

of discourse,

abruptly, Quint. 3, 8, 6; 4, 1, 79;

also,

simply, Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 19.— Comp., Amm. 20, 11.

ab-rumpo, ūpi, uptum, 3, v. a., to break off something violently, to rend, tear, sever ( poet.; seldom used before the Aug. per., only once in Cic., but afterw. by Verg., Ov., and the histt. often).

Lit.: vincla abrupit equus (transl. of the Homeric desmon aporrêxas, Il. 6, 507), Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 509 Vahl.); so, nec Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro vincula Pirithoo, * Hor. C. 4, 7, 27; cf. Verg. A. 9, 118:

abrupti nubibus ignes,

torn from, Lucr. 2, 214; cf.

with the fig. reversed, in Verg.: ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes, A. 3, 199: abrupto sidere,

i. e. hidden by clouds, id. ib. 12, 451:

plebs velut abrupta a cetero populo,

broken off, torn from, Liv. 3, 19, 9.—

Trop.:

(legio Martia) se prima latrocinio Antonii abrupit,

first freed itself, Cic. Phil. 14, 12:

abrumpere vitam,

to break the thread of life, Verg. A. 8, 579; 9, 497;

so later, abrumpere fata,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 893, or, medios annos, Luc. 6, 610:

abrumpere vitam a civitate,

to leave it, in order to live elsewhere, Tac. A. 16, 28 fin.:

fas,

to destroy, violate, Verg. A. 3, 55:

medium sermonem,

to break off, interrupt, id. ib. 4, 388; cf.

abruptus: omnibus inter victoriam mortemve abruptis,

since all means of escape, except victory or death, were taken from us, Liv. 21, 44, 8.—Hence, ab-ruptus, a, um, P. a., broken off from, separated, esp. of places, inaccessible, or difficult of access.

Lit., of places, precipitous, steep (syn.:

praeceps, abscissus): locus in pedum mille altitudinem abruptus,

Liv. 21, 36:

(Roma) munita abruptis montibus,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 67; Tac. A. 2, 23:

petra undique abscissa et abrupta,

Curt. 7, 11.—Also absol.: abruptum, i, n., a steep ascent or descent; cf. praeceps:

vastos sorbet in abruptum fluctus,

she swallows down her gulf, Verg. A. 3, 422.—

Trop., broken, disconnected, abrupt:

Sallustiana brevitas et abruptum sermonis genus,

Quint. 4, 2, 45:

contumacia,

stubborn, Tac. A. 4, 20.— Comp., Plin. 11, 37, 51, § 138; Tert. adv. Marc. 1, 1.— Sup., Plin. Ep. 9, 39, 5.— Absol.:

per abrupta,

by rough, dangerous ways, Tac. Agr. 42 fin. (cf. supra: abrupta contumacia).— Adv.: abruptē.

Lit., in broken manner, here and there:

palantes flammarum ardores,

Amm. 17, 7, 8.—

Trop., of conduct, hastily, inconsiderately, Just. 2, 15, 4;

of discourse,

abruptly, Quint. 3, 8, 6; 4, 1, 79;

also,

simply, Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 19.— Comp., Amm. 20, 11.

* * *

prae-fringo, frēgi, fractum, 3, v. a. [frango], to break off before or at the end, to break to pieces, shiver (class.):

ne caulis praefringatur,

Cato, R. R. 33 (cited by Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 20):

hastas,

Liv. 8, 10; so,

primam aciem telo,

to break off the point of the missile, Just. 6, 8, 2:

cornu galeae,

Liv. 27, 33:

praefracto rostro (triremis),

Caes. B. C. 2, 6: praefracta strigilis, Lucil. ap. Gell. 3, 14, 10:

praefracta ligna,

Lucr. 1, 892.—Hence, praefractus, a, um, P. a.

In rhet., broken, abrupt:

Thucydides praefractior,

Cic. Or. 13, 40.—

In character, stern, harsh, inflexible: Aristo Chius, praefractus, ferreus, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 155, 14:

praefractior atque abscissior justitia,

Val. Max. 6, 5 fin.:

praefractius perseverantiae exemplum,

sterner, firmer, id. 3, 8, ext. 3.— Adv.: praefractē, sternly, inflexibly, resolutely:

aerarium defendere,

Cic. Off. 3, 22, 88 (Non. 155, 11, reads praefractum).— Comp., Val. Max. 9, 7 fin.

* * *

in-fringo, frēgi, fractum, 3, v. a. [infrango], to break off, to break, bruise, crack.

Lit.:

infractis omnibus hastis,

Liv. 40, 40, 7:

ut si quis violas riguove papavera in horto Liliaque infringat,

Ov. M. 10, 191:

genibusque tumens infringitur unda,

Val. Fl. 5, 412: manus, to snap or crack one ' s fingers, Petr. 17:

articulos,

Quint. 11, 3, 158: latus liminibus, to bruise one ' s side by lying on the threshold, Hor. Epod. 11, 22: infractus remus, appearing broken, in consequence of the refraction of the rays in the water, Cic. Ac. 2, 25; cf.:

infracti radii resiliunt,

Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103:

ossa infracta extrahere,

id. 23, 7, 63, § 119.—

Transf., to strike one thing against another: digitos citharae, to strike or play upon the lute, Stat. Ach. 1, 575:

alicui colaphum,

to give one a box on the ear, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 46; Plin. 8, 36, 54, § 130:

linguam (metu),

to stammer, Lucr. 3, 155.—

Trop., to break, check, weaken, lessen, diminish, mitigate, assuage:

ut primus incursus et vis militum infringeretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92:

conatus adversariorum,

id. ib. 2, 21:

florem dignitatis,

Cic. Balb. 6, 15:

militum gloriam,

id. Mil. 2, 5:

animos hostium,

Liv. 38, 16:

spem,

Cic. Or. 2, 6:

tribunatum alicujus,

id. de Or. 1, 7, 24:

vehementius esse quiddam suspicor, quod te infringat,

id. Att. 7, 2, 2:

continuam laudem humanitatis,

Plin. Ep. 7, 31, 3:

res Samnitium,

Liv. 8, 39, 10:

difficultatem,

to overcome, Col. 2, 4, 10:

jus consulis,

Dig. 34, 9, 5 fin.:

fortia facta suis modis,

to weaken, Ov. Tr. 2, 412:

deos precatu,

to appease by entreaties, Stat. Ach. 1, 144:

infringitur ille quasi verborum ambitus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

infringendis concidendisque numeris,

id. Or. 69, 230:

vocem de industria,

purposely to make plaintive, Sen. Contr. 3, 19.—

To destroy, make void, break:

quoniam haec gloriatio non infringetur in me,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 11, 10:

legem,

ib. 1 Macc. 1, 66. — Hence, infractus, a, um, P. a., broken, bent.

Lit.:

mares caprarum longis auribus infractisque probant,

Plin. 8, 50, 76, § 202.—

Trop., broken, exhausted, weakened, subdued.

In gen.:

infractos animos gerere,

Liv. 7, 31, 6:

nihil infractus Appii animus,

id. 2, 59, 4:

oratio submissa et infracta,

id. 38, 14:

infractae ad proelia vires,

Verg. A. 9, 499:

veritas,

falsified, Tac. H. 1, 1:

fides metu infracta,

shaken, id. ib. 3, 42:

tributa,

diminished, id. ib. 4, 57:

potentia matris,

id. A. 13, 12:

fama,

injured reputation, Verg. A. 7, 332; Tac. H. 2, 22:

Latini,

broken, Verg. A. 12, 1.—

Diluted:

fel aqua infractum,

Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.—

In partic., of speech, broken off:

infracta et amputata loqui,

broken, unconnected, Cic. Or. 51, 170:

infracta loquela,

broken talk, baby - talk, Lucr. 5, 230:

cum vocem ejus (delicati) infractam videret,

effeminate, Gell. 3, 5, 2:

vocibus delinitus infractis,

Arn. 4, 141.

dē-tergĕo, si, sum, 2 (also post-class.:

detergis,

Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 191: detergunt, id. ap. Eutr. 2, 375:

detergantur,

Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 21; Ap. Mag. 59, p. 312, 26; Sen. Ep. 47, 4, v. tergeo), v. a.

To wipe off, wipe away (class.).

Lit.:

sudorem frontis brachio,

Suet. Ner. 23; cf.:

lacrimas pollice,

Ov. M. 13, 746; cf.:

teneros fletus stamine,

Claud. in Eutr. 2, 375:

araneas,

Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 21.— Poet.:

nubila,

i. e. to drive away, remove, Hor. Od. 1, 7, 15; cf. sidera, to drive or chase away, Cic. Arat. 246.—

Transf., to cleanse by wiping, to wipe off, wipe clean, to clean out:

caput pallio,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 20:

labra spongiā,

Col. 6, 9, 2; cf.:

se linguā,

id. 6, 6, 1:

frontem unguento,

Petr. 47, 1:

falces fibrina pelle,

Plin. 17, 28, 47, § 265:

cloacas,

Liv. 39, 44; cf. Suet. Aug. 18.—Comic:

mensam,

i. e. to clear, to empty, Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 2.—

Trop.

To take away, remove:

fastidia,

Col. 8, 10, 5: somnum, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 27.—

To cleanse, purge:

animum helleboro,

Petr. 88, 4;

secula foedo victu,

Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 1, 191.—

In colloq. lang., of money:

primo anno LXXX. detersimus,

have swept off, got, Cic. Att. 14, 10, 6.—

To strip off, break off; to break to pieces:

remos,

Caes. B. C. 1, 58; Liv. 28, 30 fin.:

pinnas asseribus falcatis,

id. 38, 5:

palmites,

Col. 4, 27 fin.

dī-rumpo or disr-, rūpi, ruptum, 3, v. a., to break or dash to pieces; to break, burst asunder (rare but class.).

Lit.:

tabulā caput,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 37:

ne medius disrumpar miser,

id. Curc. 2, 1, 7:

cum se in nubem induerint (venti) ejusque tenuissimam quamque partem coeperint dividere atque disrumpere,

Cic. Div. 2, 19, 44:

imagines,

Tac. H. 1, 55: homo diruptus, i. e. that has a rupture (c. c. dirutus), Cic. Phil. 13, 12.—In an obscene sense, Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 11 al.—

Trop.

To break off, sunder, sever:

amicitias exorsa aliqua offensione dirumpimus,

Cic. Lael. 22 fin.; cf.:

humani generis societatem,

id. Off. 3, 5, 21:

regnum,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 11, 11.—And in a figure borrowed from a play (in which two persons tugged at the ends of a rope until it broke, or one of them fell to the ground):

cave dirumpatis, i. e. the rope or thread of your recollection,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 117.— Esp. freq.,

Pass. in colloquial lang., to burst with envy, etc.:

unum omnia posse dirumpuntur ii qui, etc.,

Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10; cf.:

infinito fratris tui plausu dirumpitur,

id. Fam. 12, 2, 2:

dirumpor dolore,

id. Att. 7, 12, 3; cf.

risu,

App. M. 3, p. 130, 3.—Once act.: dirupi me paene, I nearly burst myself with earnest speaking, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 4.